<?php $y = 7; $a =& $y; $x[] = $a; // the reference isnt put in, the value is copied. $b =& $x[0]; $b = 8; var_dump ($y, $a, $b, $x); $y1 = 7; $a1 =& $y1; $x1[] =& $a1; // the reference isnt put in, the value is copied. $b1 =& $x1[0]; $b1 = 8; var_dump ($y1, $a1, $b1, $x1); ?>